Multiple-Choice Exercise From the New York State Education Department. Regents High School Examination Internet. Available from http://www.nysedregents.nysed.gov/; accessed January 11, 2012.; All rights reserved. No commercial, for-profit use of this material is allowed. E-mail comments and questions to Tami Maloney.
Choose the correct answer for each question.
When studying ancient civilizations, a geographer would be most interested in looking at
language as a form of expression
family structure
climatic influences on food production
standards for leadership
Most traditional societies are
closely linked to the natural environment
located near large urban areas
organized around complex economic systems
dependent on manufacturing
One way in which the Huang He, the Indus, and the Nile civilizations were similar is that they each
flourished by trading salt and gold
developed monotheistic religions
suffered repeated invasions
originated in river valleys
Constantinople became the center of the Byzantine Empire because
the pope had made it the capital of the Christian world
it was a religious center for Muslims
its location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia
it was geographically isolated from surrounding empires
protect the Chinese from the nomadic tribes of northern and central Asia
supply food from the south to Khanbalik (Beijing)
control the flood waters of the Huang He and the Chang Jiang rivers
protect the port city of Guangzhou
By 1300, the Mongol Empire had reached the Red Sea.
The Mongol Empire controlled India and Japan by 1300.
By 1300, most of Europe had been conquered by the Mongols.
The Mongol Empire controlled a large portion of Asia by 1300.
An extensive road system connected all parts of the Empire for trade.
Their trade depended on many seaports.
Tropical climatic conditions existed throughout the empire.
A similar language unified the Inca civilization.
Which statement is most accurate concerning the effect of geography on the history of Poland?
Natural barriers have isolated and protected Poland.
The northern European Plain has made Poland vulnerable to invasion.
Mountains have restricted the diffusion of Polish culture.
The absence of seaports has limited Polish economic growth
Middle East
Southern Africa
North America
Southeast Asia
political influence in tropical regions
control of access to important religious sites
military control over strategic waterways
economic influence over industrialized nations
During the late 20th century, in which area did deforestation become a serious problem?
Great European Plain
Amazon Basin
Deccan Plateau
Great Rift Valley
The problems created by the deterioration of the Earth’s ozone layer and increases in the amounts of acid rain suggest a worldwide need for
rapid industrialization of developing economies
better health-care programs
nuclear-powered electric generating facilities
stricter pollution regulations
Causes of Global Migrations
Causes of Industrialization
Reasons for Colonialism
Reasons for Cultural Borrowing
Which feature would most often be shown on a political map?
topography
type of climate
capital cities
elevation
The geographic isolation of a society most often leads to the
development of trade
strengthening of traditional culture
promotion of cultural diffusion
growth of international alliances
One reason the Euphrates, Indus, Nile, and Tigris valleys became centers of early civilization is that these valleys had
borders and elevations that were easy to defend
rich deposits of coal and iron ores
the means for irrigation and transportation
locations in regions of moderate climate and abundant rainfall
areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe
territory from eastern China to eastern Europe
Japan and Korea
all of Asia
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the
Scientific Revolution
Columbian Exchange
New Imperialism
Middle Passage
The Portuguese taught the Chinese their sailing knowledge.
Portugal and China practiced isolationism throughout the 15th century.
Only the Portuguese explored the east coast of Africa.
The Portuguese and the Chinese were active explorers.
Portugal became the dominant colonial power in South America by 1600.
Geography made the interior of South America easy to explore.
Neither the Spanish nor the Portuguese developed major urban centers in Latin America.
In 1600, most of the land in South America was not settled by Europeans.
Which factors helped cause the defeat of Napoleon during his invasion of Russia?
the severe winters and large size of Russia
the many rivers and mountains of Russia
the coalition between the Russian czar and the democratic leaders
the well-trained and well-supplied Russian army
One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of
raw materials used in industry
religious inspiration
free labor for the Americas
technologically innovative practices
During World War II, the Allied invasion of France on D-Day (June 6, 1944) was significant because it
demonstrated the power of the atomic bomb
resulted in a successful German revolt against Hitler and the Nazi Party
led to the immediate surrender of German and Italian forces
forced Germans to fight a two-front war
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the democracies in the West competed for influence in the Middle East because of its
strategic location and valuable resources
vast fertile farmlands and rivers
large well-educated population
industrial potential
In the 1990s, what was the most severe threat to the physical environments of Brazil, Costa Rica, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)?
spread of urban centers
nuclear waste disposal
increased immigration
destruction of the rain forests
Which geographic characteristic is shared by both Greece and Japan?
navigable rivers
irregular coastline
tropical rain forests
abundant mineral resources
An important factor that prevented the ancient Greek city-states from uniting to form a single nation was the
lack of a common language
size of the desert regions
mountainous topography of the region
cold, hostile climate
One similarity between the Mongols of Central Asia and the Incas of South America was that both societies
developed cash-crop farming
based their wealth on the slave trade
adapted to difficult physical environments
practiced monotheistic religions
protected by mountains
isolated from the rest of Europe
accessible by water
close to a network of navigable rivers
Most of China’s commerce was conducted on overland trade routes.
China remained isolated from outside contacts.
The Ming dynasty traded more with Persia than with any other culture.
China interacted and traded with many diverse cultures.
The Industrial Revolution
Imperialism in Africa
The Age of Discovery
Atlantic Trade Routes
During most of the Cold War period, which two nations were divided into communist and noncommunist parts?
China and Mongolia
Vietnam and Korea
Pakistan and Ireland
Poland and Cuba
1 billion
4 billion
6 billion
8 billion
Family planning was successful.
There was an absence of war and conflict.
New medicines and technology were discovered and applied.
Famine and other natural disasters increased.
Most of China’s people live in the eastern part of the country.
Much of China has a climate that is too hot to allow farming.
China has more people than its land can support.
Most Chinese people make a living working in factories.
During the 19th century, industrialization in Great Britain differed from industrialization in Japan mainly because Great Britain
had greater deposits of natural resources
encountered government resistance to economic growth
used isolationism to increase its economic power
duplicated the factory systems used in China
Pericles’ “Funeral Oration”
Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron”
Hirohito’s “Surrender”
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain”
How did topography and climate affect the history of Africa?
The slave trade declined in western Africa.
Islam spread into southern Africa.
European colonization of central Africa was delayed.
Trade increased between southern and northern Africa.
Italy, Korea, Spain, and India are similar in that each is considered
an archipelago
a peninsula
a landlocked nation
an island nation
Which geographic feature was common to the development of civilizations in ancient Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia?
river valleys
deserts
rain forests
mountains
After the western Roman Empire fell to Germanic invaders in the 5th century A.D., the eastern part of the empire eventually became known as the
Byzantine Empire
Carthaginian Empire
Islamic Empire
Persian Empire
Africans had centralized governments during the age of European feudalism.
African kingdoms did not exist before the Europeans arrived in Africa.
African civilizations existed only in southern Africa.
Africa’s civilizations established many trade routes to India.
Persian
Gupta
Ottoman
Mongol
How did the Inca adapt to their physical environment?
They built large fishing fleets to feed their populations.
They built footbridges that connected their roads across the Andes.
They established extensive trade agreements with Europe.
They raised cattle and horses on the pampas.
Africa was Europe’s most active trading partner.
The Hanseatic League controlled trade in the Black Sea.
Asians and Europeans traded primarily by water routes.
A vast network of trade routes connected the centers of trade in Europe.
The need to possess warm-water ports greatly influenced the foreign policy of which nation?
England
Russia
France
Egypt
the bubonic plague
emigration to the Americas
the Industrial Revolution
rebellions in Ireland
The partition of India and the division of Yugoslavia were similar in that both were divided
as a result of the Berlin Conference
because of religious or ethnic differences
to form communist and noncommunist states
to conform to United Nations guidelines
The reason that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) greatly influences the world today is that it
commands the loyalty of the worldwide Islamic community
develops and exports important technology
controls access to trade routes between the East and West
manages the oil supply that affects the global economy
Several geographic features in the Balkans, including location, have helped lead to the
peaceful development of the region
development of democracy in the region
cultural diversity of the region
growing wealth of the region
The fertility rate of Chinese women is expected to increase.
Chinese life expectancy will likely decrease.
The rate of population growth is expected to decline.
By 2025, the birthrate in China will probably double.
Control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits was a strategic objective in both World War I and World War II because these straits
link Africa to Europe
allow waterway passage into Germany
separate Italy from the Balkan peninsula
provide access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea
Which geographic factor had the greatest influence on the early history of South Asia and China?
river valleys
island locations
vast coastlines
tropical rain forests
One effect of rugged, mountainous geography on the civilization of ancient Greece was the development of
absolute monarchies
separate, independent city-states
extensive trade with the Persians
belief in one God
spread of Christianity
shift in European population
expansion of apartheid
pattern of the Bantu migrations
Which fact relating to early Japan was a result of the other three?
Japan experienced earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
The Japanese developed a nature-based belief called Shinto.
Tsunamis and typhoons sometimes destroyed coastal Japanese villages.
Mountains are found throughout the islands of Japan.
Ghana
Congo
Benin
Ashanti
Christianity and Islam played a minor role in the development of African civilizations.
Most African civilizations existed for only a few years.
Very little interaction occurred between these civilizations.
African civilizations were located in a variety of physical environments.
Eastern Chinese cities had extensive contact with the Persian Empire in 1405.
Rivers and mountains prevented the expansion of overland Chinese trade.
The Chinese came into contact with peoples of other cultures between 1405 and 1422.
China was isolated from outside contact under the rulers of the Ming Empire.
Little trade in enslaved Africans took place before the 1500s.
Slavery was most widely practiced in Sweden, Denmark, and Holland.
Conditions of slavery in Brazil were less harsh than those in the United States.
Most enslaved Africans were sent to the Caribbean and Spanish America.
When Koreans call their land “a shrimp among whales,” they are referring to
the mountains that cover much of the Korean peninsula
the environmental damage caused by overfishing in the Pacific
their traditional respect for the sea
their location between powerful neighbors: Russia, China, and Japan
The main reason Japan invaded Southeast Asia during World War II was to
recruit more men for its army
acquire supplies of oil and rubber
satisfy the Japanese people’s need for spices
prevent the United States from entering the war
In India, urbanization affected society by
reinforcing Hindu beliefs
encouraging native arts and crafts
weakening the traditional caste system
increasing the number of farmers
rapid migration of animals to the Northern Hemisphere
further exploration of the Arctic Ocean
industrialization and the burning of fossil fuels
slow economic growth in developing nations
The Panama Canal and Suez Canal are similar in that both
shortened shipping routes between major bodies of water
were built by the British to expand their empire
replaced the Silk Road as the world’s main trade route
directly connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Which geographic feature had the greatest influence on the development of ancient civilizations?
dense forests
mountain passes
smooth coastlines
river valleys
What was one cause of the development of many small independent city-states in ancient Greece?
Greece and Rome were often at war.
The mountainous terrain of Greece resulted in widely scattered settlements.
Military leaders found small Greek settlements easy to control.
Military leaders found small Greek settlements easy to control.
In India, Bangladesh, and much of Southeast Asia, agricultural productivity is most affected by the
seasonal monsoons
unnavigable rivers
numerous deserts
cold climate
both the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans
at the same time as the Spanish explorers
lands in the Western Hemisphere
Arabia and the east coast of Africa
Many achievements of Islamic civilization reached European society by way of the
Crusades and eastern Mediterranean trading networks
merchant guilds and the Industrial Revolution
Middle Passage and the Columbian Exchange
conquests of the Germanic tribes and trade along the Silk Road
The Ottoman Empire controlled the largest amount of territory by 1453.
The Safavid Empire controlled parts of western Europe by 1629.
By the 1500s, the Ottoman Empire controlled parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe.
The Mediterranean Sea served as a cultural barrier between Asia Minor and North Africa.
Which statement about the geography of Africa is most accurate?
Much of the land in Africa is below sea level.
The variety of geographic barriers has served to promote cultural diversity.
Africa has an irregular coastline with many natural harbors
Much of the land in Africa is tundra and forest.
Which statement best describes an impact of geography on the history of the Korean peninsula?
Large deserts have led to isolation.
Location has led to invasion and occupation by other nations.
Lack of rivers has limited food production.
Lack of natural resources has prevented development of manufacturing.
During the late 19th century, which geographic factor helped attract European investors to southern Africa and southeast Asia?
smooth coastlines
navigable rivers
natural resources
temperate climates
Many regions of South America gained their independence between 1790 and 1828.
All of South America was independent by 1828.
Spain continued to gain South American colonies in the 19th century.
Between 1790 and 1828, South American political boundaries remained unchanged except for Brazil.
worldwide depression
treaties signed at the end of World War I
rise of Mussolini
dissatisfaction of the German people
The continued importance of the Middle East to the global economy is based on its
research facilities
exports of manufactured goods
semiarid climate
quantity of oil reserves
Jordan
Poland
Israel
Ethiopia
role of education in the ancient world
development of traditional government
effect of artistic expression on religion
impact of geography on cultural development
The growth of maritime and overland trading routes led to
decreased interest in inventions and technology
the limited migration of peoples
increased cultural diffusion
the development of subsistence agriculture
Before the use of the Silk Road, how did geography affect early China?
The mountains and deserts in western and southwestern China slowed the exchange of ideas.
The northwestern region provided many fertile areas suitable for farming.
The three major river systems provided barriers against invasion.
The lack of deep-water ports on the eastern coast prevented China from developing trade with other nations.
Egypt—Gift of the Nile
Mesopotamia—Land Between the Rivers
China’s Sorrow—Huang He River
Harappa—City on the Indus
The travels of Marco Polo and of Ibn Battuta were similar in that these travels
led to nationalistic movements
helped to spread the ideas of religious leaders
stimulated the expansion of trade
supported democratic forms of government
During the Commercial Revolution, where did trading centers most often develop?
in the mountains
near grasslands
along waterways
on the tundra
Most trade routes began in Beijing.
China’s overland trade routes connected China to Japan.
The areas under the control of these dynasties did not change.
China traded extensively with other nations and regions.
A study of Aztec, Maya, and Inca agricultural systems would show that these civilizations
relied on mechanized agricultural techniques
carried on extensive food trade with each other
adapted to their environments with creative farming techniques
relied on a single-crop economy
Political unrest caused rural people to move to the towns.
Many people moved from the London area to the area around Liverpool and Birmingham.
The size of most urban areas decreased.
The population of some cities and towns increased dramatically.
Between 1845 and 1860, which factor caused a large decline in Ireland’s population?
famine
civil war
plague
war against Spain
The ability of the Ottoman Empire to expand its borders depended on
military assistance from western Europe
extensive trade with the Americas
alliances formed during World War I
strategic location between Europe and Asia
All European nations were members.
Membership has increased since 1957.
All members were also members of the Warsaw Pact.
Interdependence between Europe and the Americas was promoted.
The distribution of arable land in Africa is unequal.
Most of the arable land in Africa is located in South Africa.
The arable land in Africa has increased in the 1990s.
Tanzania has a greater percentage of arable land than Senegal has.
Deforestation, acid rain, and the greenhouse effect are major world problems that indicate a need for
cooperation between nations to reduce pollution and environmental destruction
the development of mass transit systems in developing nations
an increase in the worldwide production of oil
a reduction in crop production in some areas of the world
Europe Between the World Wars
Europe Today
Europe Under Napoleon
Europe During the Renaissance
Russia is very dependent on imported oil.
The United States exports little or no oil.
South America exports more oil than Africa does.
Most of the oil from the Middle East goes to Japan.
assimilation
protectionism
interdependence
imperialism
During which period did the domestication of animals and growing of crops first occur?
Iron Age
Old Stone Age
Neolithic Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Major urban centers are found only along rivers.
The geography of a nation or region influences its development.
Without mountains and rivers, people cannot develop a culture.
The spread of new ideas is discouraged by trade and conquest.
Which statement about cultural diffusion in Asia is most accurate?
Byzantine traders brought the Justinian Code to China.
Roman legions introduced Christianity to India.
Indian monks brought Islam to the Middle East.
Chinese ideas and practices spread into Korea and Japan.
Saharan caravan trails
Trans-Siberian Railway
Silk Roads
Suez Canal
The Yuan dynasty kept China isolated from outside influence.
Most of the Chinese people lived in the river valleys.
Kublai Khan and Genghis Khan extended Mongol influence to other parts of Asia.
The city of Samarkand was part of the Yuan Empire.
Venice in Europe, Mogadishu in Africa, and Canton in China emerged during the 13th century primarily as important centers of
agriculture
trade
manufacturing
mining
The major reason that Portugal and Spain established water routes to Asia’s spice markets was to
experiment with new technology such as the astrolabe and sextant
provide jobs for navigators, cartographers, and shipbuilders
avoid the overland routes that were controlled by Muslim traders
discover new continents, plants, and animals
Religious activities were prohibited in this city.
The city was a ceremonial site, not a place of permanent settlement.
Community planning and an organized way of life are not evident in this city.
The city had a government with laws, leadership, and a military force.
Which geographic feature made it difficult to unify South America?
Andes Mountains
Straits of Magellan
Gulf of Mexico
Argentinian pampas
England’s natural resources led to the growth of industrial cities.
In 1830, England had an unfavorable balance of trade.
Great Britain’s prosperity unified the people.
People emigrated from Great Britain because of pollution.
How did geography affect both Napoleon’s invasion and Hitler’s invasion of Russia?
Deserts made invasion possible.
The climate created obstacles to success.
The tundra enabled the movements of troops.
Warm-water ports prevented the flow of supplies.
During the Indian independence movement, many Muslims in India demanded a separate state of Pakistan to
remain under British control
prevent future invasions from Afghanistan and China
address concerns about their status as a religious minority
protect the sacred rivers, the Indus and the Ganges
This commemorative stamp was issued 50 years after the Marshall Plan. George Marshall was honored because he had
insisted that Germany and the other Axis Powers pay for starting World War II
proposed economic aid from the United States to rebuild the economies of European nations
formed the European Union so that Western Europe could rebuild its own economy
encouraged Western European nations to accept aid from the Soviet Union
Modern technology can have serious negative effects.
Today’s environment renews itself.
Only developing nations have environmental problems.
Most environmental problems originate in Europe.
Only the United States and Africa are affected by a lack of food.
Pollution is often the cause of famine.
The governments in Africa are unconcerned about the lack of food for their people.
Reading about world famine is different from experiencing it.
Which factor is most responsible for the international importance of the Middle East?
innovative political and social reforms
superior weapons technology
vital natural resources in a strategic location
advanced scientific and industrial development
Many civilizations use irrigation to improve crop production.
People adapt to meet the challenges of their geography.
Fish provide adequate protein for the Japanese.
Most nations are dependent on the same food source.
Which statement most accurately describes how geography affected the growth of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?
River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops.
Large deserts provided many mineral deposits.
Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes.
Large savanna areas provided protection from invaders.
The Phoenicians are often referred to as the “carriers of civilization” because they
introduced Islam and Christianity to Central Africa
established colonies throughout northern Europe
developed the first carts with wheels
traded goods and spread ideas throughout the Mediterranean region
The exchange of silks and spices and the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads are examples of
cultural diffusion
self-sufficiency
ethnocentrism
desertification
Kievian Russia adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and different styles of art and architecture through contact with
traders from South Asia
conquering invaders from Mongolia
crusaders from western Europe
missionaries from the Byzantine Empire
What was one reason that some Italian cities developed into major commercial and cultural centers during the 13th and 14th centuries?
unified central government
isolationist economic policies
geographic location
system of social equality
The foreign policy of many Russian rulers supported the country’s desire for
access to inland cities
more mineral resources
extensive canal systems
warm-water ports
southwestern Europe
Mediterranean Coast
eastern Europe
British Isles
were based on European societies
used advanced technology to build complex structures
incorporated early Roman architectural design
were strongly influenced by Renaissance humanism
The Opium Wars in China and the expedition of Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan resulted in
the economic isolation of China and Japan
an increase in Chinese influence in Asia
the beginning of democratic governments in China and Japan
an increase in Western trade and influence in Asia
defeating enemies and overcoming all obstacles
requesting assistance in the battle against drought
facing several serious problems at the same time
waiting patiently until the economic crisis is over
Which important principle was established as a result of the Nuremberg trials?
Defeated nations have no rights in international courts of law.
Individuals can be held accountable for “crimes against humanity.”
Soldiers must follow the orders of their superiors.
Aggressor nations must pay war reparations for damages caused during wars.
Most of the world’s known oil reserves are located near which geographic area?
Persian Gulf
North Sea
Ural Mountains
Gulf of Mexico
Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Napoleon’s defeat in 1812 and Hitler’s defeat at Stalingrad in 1943?
Siberian tundra
Caspian Sea
arid land
harsh climate
before the Congress of Vienna
during the Age of Imperialism
between World War I and World War II
during the Cold War
commercial farmers
urban dwellers
nomads
serfs
Throughout history, people have lived on savannas, in deserts, in mountains, along river valleys, along coastlines, and on islands.
This statement demonstrates that people
adapt their surroundings
develop a common language
organize similar forms of government
prefer to live in isolated areas
How did the introduction of agriculture affect early peoples?
Societies became nomadic.
Food production declined.
Civilizations developed.
Birthrates decreased rapidly.
What was one effect of Alexander the Great’s conquests?
expansion of Hellenistic culture
formation of the Christian church
decreased importance of the Silk Roads
increased support of the Mayan leaders
Constantinople’s location on the Bosporus Strait was one reason that the Byzantine Empire was able to
conquer the Russian city of Moscow
spread Judaism throughout western Europe
control key trade routes between Europe and Asia
unite the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches
Benin
Kush
Mali
Egyptian
Historians value the writings of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta because they
serve as primary sources about trade and culture
provide the basis for European holy books
include advice on how to be a democratic ruler
present unbiased views of life in Africa and Asia
The plague primarily affected China.
The interaction of people spread the plague.
Port cities were relatively untouched by the plague.
The plague started in western Europe.
One similarity in the rule of Peter the Great, Suleiman I, and Louis XIV is that each leader
shared power with a legislature
practiced religious toleration
expanded his territory
decreased the amount of taxes collected
Which factors protected Russia from control by Napoleon’s army?
religious and cultural similarities
industrialization and modernization
geographic size and location
political and economic instability
urbanization
colonization
collectivization
globalization
One reason Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 was successful is that Poland
lacked natural barriers
was located along the North Sea
lacked natural resources
was close to the Balkans
political isolation
military alliances
regional cooperation
collective security
Egypt and Ethiopia are no longer part of Africa.
By 1980, most African countries had become independent.
By 1950, most of Africa was controlled by Russia or the United States.
The Union of South Africa was renamed Namibia.
The population of the world remained the same from A.D. 1 to A.D. 1650.
Most of the world’s population growth took place during the period from 1000 to 1500.
The population growth rate decreased during the period from 1650 to 1800.
The world’s population tripled between 1930 and 2000.
Silk Road trade
Crusades
Columbian Exchange
Scramble for Africa
Rivers Are Barriers to Interdependence
Economic Issues Influence National Goals
Geography Affects Human Behavior
Governments Control the Actions of Citizens
have a low population density
are located between major river valleys
are major religious centers
have large areas of valuable farmland
Expansion was limited by geographic factors.
Trade contributed to stable societies.
Extensive road systems unified India.
Southern India was isolated from northern India.
size of Constantinople limited trade
cities of western Europe were more impressive than Constantinople
location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity
government of Constantinople failed to provide order
Regions: How They Form and Change
Movement: Humans Interacting on Earth
Location: Position on the Earth’s Surface
Place: Physical and Human Characteristics
began in England and Ireland and then spread eastward
spread slowly over several decades
affected most areas of western Europe
was most severe in Italy
Most of the slaves came from eastern Africa.
Few people were taken from Africa to other continents.
Several European countries participated in the slave trade.
The slave trade began in southern Africa.
The British government took control of the Suez Canal and Singapore during the 19th century in order to
sell petroleum to these territories
gain more converts to Christianity
ensure safe passage on strategic waterways
transport laborers directly to the Americas
One reason the Japanese followed a policy of expansionism before World War II was to gain
warm-water ports
control of Tibet
additional natural resources
control of the Suez Canal
Military offensives often succeed because of monsoons.
Pakistan will be destroyed by flooding and drought.
Geographic factors can influence a nation’s military decisions.
Trade has a major impact on political life in India.
How do some Latin American governments justify the destruction of the rain forests?
Cattle raising, farming, and mining in the rain forest will help the economy.
Manufacturers no longer use the latex produced by the trees of the rain forest.
People who live in the rain forest are moving to the cities.
Drug trafficking will decrease when the protection of the rain forests is gone.
Both Inca farmers and Japanese farmers adapted a geographic feature of their countries by
engaging in overseas expansion
growing crops suited to desert climates
building terraces into the mountainsides
reclaiming land from the sea by building dikes
Mongol
Songhai
Roman
Persian
natural boundaries
climate
topography
mineral resources
South America
Southeast Asia
subcontinent of India
Africa
A similarity between Bantu migrations in Africa and migrations of the ancient Aryans into South Asia is that both moved
across the Atlantic Ocean
from rural lands to urban areas
in search of additional food sources
for religious freedom
Which factor led to the development of civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia?
political harmony
favorable geography
religious differences
universal education
westernization
cultural diffusion
economic nationalism
fundamentalism
Which group introduced the Cyrillic alphabet, Orthodox Christianity, and domed architecture to Russian culture?
Mongols
Vikings
Jews
Byzantines
The topography and climate of Russia have caused Russia to
depend on rice as its main source of food
seek access to warm-water ports
adopt policies of neutrality and isolation
acquire mineral-rich colonies on other continents
What was a significant effect of Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca?
The African written language spread to southwest Asia.
Military leaders eventually controlled Mali.
Islamic learning and culture expanded in Mali.
The trading of gold for salt ended.
Which technological advancement helped unify both the Roman and the Inca Empires?
astrolabe
road system
gunpowder
wheeled carts
Russia and Japan formed an alliance.
Korea defeated Japan in the Sino-Japanese War.
The Japanese people wanted to spread the beliefs of Shinto.
Japan needed raw materials for industrialization.
Opium War
Meiji Restoration
Chinese Nationalist Revolution
rise of the Soviet Union
between World War I and World War II
just after the Berlin Conference
immediately after the Congress of Vienna
during unification under Bismarck
Since 1948, a major reason for the conflict between Arabs and Israelis is that each side
wants the huge oil reserves that lie under the disputed land
believes that the United States favors the other side in the conflict
claims sovereignty over the same land
seeks to control trade on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea
Societies often modify their environment to meet their needs.
Monsoons are needed for the development of societies.
Topography creates challenges that societies are unable to overcome.
Land features influence the development of diverse belief systems.
Latin America
sub-Saharan Africa
subcontinent of India
East Asia
Which aspect of social science would a geographer most likely study in depth?
how beliefs influence the behavior of a group of people
how economic events influence history
how location influences the way people live
how people influence governmental decisions
What effect did the geography of ancient Greece have on its early development?
The mountainous terrain led to the creation of independent city-states.
A lack of natural seaports limited communication.
An inland location hindered trade and colonization.
By 260 B.C., the Mauryan Empire extended north into Central China.
The Mauryan Empire controlled more of the Indian subcontinent than the Gupta Empire did.
Most of the Gupta Empire was located on the Deccan Plateau.
The economies of India’s early empires were based on trade.
Which statement about the geography of Japan is most accurate?
Location has made it easy to invade.
The irregular coastline has many natural harbors.
Large plains are its primary physical feature.
Earthquakes do not threaten the islands.
Which description best characterizes the city of Timbuktu?
port on the water route to East Asia
major urban and industrial center on the Silk Road
commercial and cultural center of West Africa
inland city of the Hanseatic League
In England, which circumstance was a result of the other three?
availability of labor
abundance of coal and iron
waterpower from many rivers
start of the Industrial Revolution
What was the primary reason that large numbers of people left Ireland in the 1840s and 1850s?
The people faced mass starvation.
A political revolution had started.
A smallpox epidemic broke out in the country.
The people sought better educational opportunities.
Triple Alliance members before World War I
European countries formed immediately after World War I
Axis powers during World War II
Common Market members after World War II
Border conflicts between India and Pakistan have most often occurred in
Kashmir
East Timor
Tibet
Afghanistan
A
B
C
D
military defense spending
production of consumer goods
needs of an aging population
education of young people
The ancient cultures of both the Incas and the Chinese adapted to the physical geography of their region by
developing terrace farming on hillsides
building chariots to protect their open plains against invaders
becoming maritime traders
constructing harbors to encourage exploration
Which geographic factor played the greatest role in preventing Russia from being conquered by both Napoleon and Adolf Hitler?
deserts
rivers
climate
mountains
The unification of Germany (1870–71) and the breakup of Yugoslavia after 1991 both illustrate the influence of
imperialism
industrialization
westernization
nationalism
overseas trade routes
early belief systems
river valley civilizations
burial sites of ancient rulers
Which feature would most likely be shown on a physical map?
population density
vegetation zones
climate
mountain ranges
Constantinople was a thriving city in the 1200s mainly because of its location on a major trade route between
China and southern Africa
the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea
the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire
Asia and eastern Europe
crossed both Africa and Asia
was located primarily in Asia
followed a single route
started in Khotan
The Sahara Desert acted as a barrier to trade.
Rivers served as the primary trade routes for the entire region.
The economy of the region was influenced by extensive trade connections.
Goods from the Gulf of Guinea were exchanged directly with English cities.
A
B
C
D
Dutch
Portuguese
English
French
A major reason the Industrial Revolution began in England was that England possessed
a smooth coastline
abundant coal and iron resources
many waterfalls
numerous mountain ranges
Dominance of Manchukuo
Japanese Imperial Expansion
East Asian Trade Routes
Natural Resources of China and Japan
Which communist nation is most closely associated with the leadership of Ho Chi Minh and the surrender of Saigon?
North Korea
Soviet Union
Vietnam
People’s Republic of China
The status of Hong Kong changed in July 1997 when the city
was returned to China
was closed to international trade
became an independent nation
adopted a capitalist economy
One way in which wars, religious conflict, and natural disasters are similar is that these situations may result in
the mass migration of people
economic stability
an increase in life expectancy
global warming
Which continent’s economic and political development has been influenced by the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River?
Asia
Africa
Europe
South America
The Roman Empire extended over three continents.
Rivers kept invaders out of the Roman Empire.
Alexandria served as the eastern capital of the Roman Empire.
Carthage was eventually destroyed by the Romans.
Red Sea
Black Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Africans traded more goods in Constantinople than in any other area.
Constantinople was a city located on the Mediterranean Sea.
Gold was the primary commodity that China sent to Constantinople.
Constantinople was an important trading center.
What was one effect of the Columbian exchange?
rapid decline in European population
economic instability in China and Japan
introduction of new foods to both Europe and the Americas
spread of Hinduism into Latin America
Mongol
Indian
Japanese
European
The breakdown of traditions, increased levels of pollution, and the expansion of slums are negative aspects of
militarism
collectivization
pogroms
urbanization
ethnocentrism
socialism
containment
imperialism
Which region was described as “the powder keg of Europe” prior to World War I?
Iberian Peninsula
British Isles
Balkan Peninsula
Scandinavia
At the end of World War II, the British decided to partition the Indian subcontinent into the nations of India and Pakistan. What was a primary reason for this division?
India had adopted a policy of nonalignment.
Religious differences had led to conflicts between Hindus and Muslims.
Most of India’s valuable resources were located in the south.
British India’s Muslim minority controlled most of India’s banking industry.
The United States has adequate petroleum reserves to meet future needs.
Nations lacking major petroleum reserves cannot industrialize.
Overproduction of petroleum products has caused inflation in the Middle East.
Most of the world’s largest petroleum reserves are located in the Middle East.
Additional countries were created.
Isolation among nations increased.
Communist economic policies were adopted.
Economic barriers between nations decreased.
Which geographic factor had the most influence on the development of Inca society and Japanese society?
frequent monsoons
large deserts
mountainous topography
tropical climate
Which factor most hindered the efforts of both Napoleon and Hitler to conquer Russia?
climate
fortifications
advanced technology
lack of ports
The world’s largest icecap is located in northern Europe.
Most mountainous climates are located on the eastern borders of the continents.
The largest desert area stretches from western Africa through much of southwestern Asia.
South America is connected to Antarctica by a narrow land bridge.
Slash-and-burn techniques are typically practiced by
people who live along rivers that deposit rich soil during floods
subsistence farmers who plant an area until the soil loses its fertility
farmers who rely on chemical fertilization and pesticides
nomads who use pastures for their livestock
Which geographic factor had a major influence on the development of both Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations?
river valleys
cool temperatures
locations near a strait
mountains
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Judaism
One way in which the travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta are similar is that they resulted in
an increased interest in different cultures
the development of slavery
a reduction in trade
the discovery of East Asia
It experienced conflict in coastal areas.
Its boundaries extended to India.
It gained territory in Tibet and Korea.
It exchanged goods using overland routes.
Which geographic feature had the greatest influence on the development of the Inca Empire?
deserts
irregular coastline
river valleys
mountains
The Portuguese control of Macao and the British control of Hong Kong in China are examples of
collectivization
imperialism
self-determination
containment
A primary reason for Japan’s involvement in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War was to
acquire natural resources in Manchuria and Korea
control trade and markets in Southeast Asia
end Japan’s policy of isolationism
remove foreign invaders from Japanese soil
Between 1945 and 1947, the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims in India led to the
Sepoy Mutiny
Salt March
policy of nonalignment
partitioning of the subcontinent
In Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser’s seizure of the Suez Canal continued his policy of
attracting investments from Western banks
supporting the rights of British workers
eliminating criticism of political opponents
establishing national control of vital resources
nonalignment
interdependence
nationalism
socialism
Gupta
Mongol
Roman
Ottoman
One way in which South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and India are geographically similar is that each is located on
an island
an archipelago
an isthmus
a peninsula
The Bantu cleared the land, then fertilized it with ashes. When the land could no longer support their families, the Bantu moved further south. By 1110 B.C., the Bantu had spread their rich culture throughout central and southern Africa.
Which agricultural technique is described in this passage?
irrigation
terrace farming
slash-and-burn
crop rotation
What was one of the primary reasons for the spread of the bubonic plague?
increase in trade
colonization of the Americas
development of the manorial system
economic decline
The population of Paris increased between 1250 and 1450.
The populations of Cairo and Nanking were higher in 1250 than in 1450.
The population of most large cities exceeded one million people in 1450.
The population of Peking increased more than the population of Canton between 1250 and 1450.
No trade occurred between East Africa and the Persian Gulf region.
The monsoon winds influenced trade between East Africa and India.
Trading states developed primarily in the interior of East Africa.
Trade encouraged the spread of Islam from East Africa to Arabia.
In the 19th century, a major reason for Irish migration to North America was to
gain universal suffrage
avoid malaria outbreaks
flee widespread famine
escape a civil war
Early exploration of Africa by Europeans was hindered by the
lack of natural resources in Africa
alliances between African kingdoms
isolationist policies of European monarchs
many different physical features of Africa
Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, Italy’s attack on Ethiopia, and Germany’s blitzkrieg in Poland are examples of
military aggression
appeasement
containment
the domino theory
Which country is most closely associated with the terms pass laws, homelands, and white minority rule?
El Salvador
South Africa
Iran
Israel
The destruction of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union signify the
end of the Cold War
collapse of the Taliban
strength of the Warsaw Pact
power of the European Union
Which statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most accurate?
Life expectancy in both regions is declining.
The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected.
The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of the disease.
Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the disease.
Which statement regarding the impact of geography on Japan is most accurate?
Large plains served as invasion routes for conquerors.
Arid deserts and mountains caused isolation from Asia.
Lack of natural resources led to a policy of imperialism.
Close proximity to Africa encouraged extensive trade with Egypt.
Industrial
Neolithic
Green
Commercial
The Age of Exploration led directly to the
establishment of European colonies
start of the Puritan Revolution
invention of the magnetic compass
failure of the Congress of Vienna
England
China
Nicaragua
Philippines
The primary reason the Bantu-speaking people of West Africa migrated southward and eastward between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500 was to
flee warfare
seek religious freedom
establish a colonial empire
find land for farming and grazing
Letting some farmland remain unplanted as a means of increasing food production is most closely associated with
modern irrigation methods
the three-field system
the enclosure movement
slash-and-burn agriculture
Nature is a powerful force.
Beauty is found in technological innovations.
Realistic portrayals create a harmonious effect.
Traditional activities should be expressed in simple forms.
What was an impact of Korea’s geographic location on the history of East Asia?
isolating Russia from Japan
protecting China from Mongol invaders
preventing Europeans from colonizing East Asia
serving as a cultural bridge between China and Japan
Which geographic feature of Spain and Portugal most enhanced their ability to engage in exploration?
peninsular location
mountainous region
extensive river system
fertile plain
The journeys of Vasco da Gama, Bartholomeu Dias, and Christopher Columbus became possible in the late 1400s because of the
support of exploration by the English government
trade connections established by Ibn Battuta
effects of the Atlantic slave trade
development of new navigational instruments and technology
What was the main reason for the extensive Irish emigration to North America in the 1840s?
mass starvation
military draft
civil war
smallpox outbreak
The annexation of Korea and Japan’s invasion of Manchuria were attempts by Japan to
spread Shinto beliefs
protect human rights
acquire natural resources
establish theocratic governments
rural poverty
interdependence
urban issues
nationalism
The introduction of Buddhism into Japan and of Christianity into Africa are examples of
modernization
ethnic conflict
cultural diffusion
isolation
The technology of the Cold War now threatens peace in Asia.
The risk of nuclear conflict has been eliminated.
Nuclear power presents a possible solution to energy shortages in southern Asia.
Mediation has lessened tensions between India and Pakistan.
Which feature would most likely appear on a physical map?
population densities
land usage patterns
climatic patterns
mountain ranges
Where does the archaeological evidence gathered by Louis and Mary Leakey suggest the earliest humans developed?
Great Rift Valley
Amazon rain forest
Himalaya Mountains
Philippine archipelago
Subsistence farming can best be defined as
harvesting a surplus of crops to be sold for profit
producing just enough food for a family’s survival
domesticating animals to transport goods
irrigating crops to increase production
What was one direct result of the Crusades?
Trade increased between Europe and the Middle East.
Islamic kingdoms expanded into Europe.
Arabs and Christians divided the city of Jerusalem between them.
Alexander the Great became a powerful leader in Eurasia.
One way in which the Silk Roads and the West African trade routes are similar is that along both routes
the main items exchanged were ivory and tobacco
concrete was used to improve the surface of the roads
a single currency was used to make transactions easier
ideas were exchanged as merchants interacted with each other
The use of the geographic terms Near East and Far East reflects
the distance of nations from Mecca
a European view of the world
a Japanese perspective of Asia
the location of Southwest Asia in relation to North Africa
A major agricultural advancement of the Incas was the
domestication of cattle
use of a steel plow
terracing of mountains for farming
development of floating gardens
What was a significant effect of the Columbian exchange?
The Aztec conquered a vast empire.
Potatoes were introduced into the diet of some Europeans.
Prince Henry the Navigator established a school for sailors.
China closed its borders to foreigners.
Which region was most affected by decisions made at the Berlin Conference of 1884?
Latin America
South Asia
East Asia
Africa
civil war
famine
Glorious Revolution
independence from Great Britain
the end of World War I and the treaties of 1919–1920
the role played by the Catholic Church to stop the advance of Islam
economic competition and development of new capitalistic markets
movement of people to escape earthquakes and droughts
Which group of countries earns much of their revenue from the sale of oil?
China, Korea, Jordan
Turkey, Brazil, Lebanon
Argentina, Malaysia, Chile
Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Venezuela
republics that were part of the Soviet Union
members of the Central Powers
independent nations of Eastern Europe
members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Triple Alliance
Warsaw Pact
European Union (EU)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Which problem in the savanna regions of Africa is caused by population pressures and overuse of the land?
rain forest destruction
desertification
air pollution
flooding
Urbanization in developing nations today is similar to urbanization in 19th-century England because in both cases
many people moved to rural areas
governments developed policies of forced migration
ties to extended families increased
many farm workers went to cities to look for jobs
One reason that many historians study geography is to
help predict changes in government
show connections between people and places
tell when events took place
explore the value systems of early people
Phoenicians
Bantu
Moors
Babylonians
How did the geography of the Italian peninsula influence the development of the Roman Empire?
The unnavigable rivers in the northern part of the peninsula protected the Romans from their neighbors.
The harsh climate prevented agricultural production on the Italian peninsula.
The lengthy, rugged seacoast encouraged frequent invasions of the Italian peninsula.
The location of the peninsula contributed to Roman control of the Mediterranean region.
The early Russian civilization adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and different styles of art and architecture through contact with
traders from China
conquering Mongol invaders
Vikings from northern Europe
missionaries from the Byzantine Empire
Japan was the first place it occurred.
The highest casualty rates occurred in Mogadishu and Foochow.
People of North Africa, Europe, and Asia were affected by the disease.
The outbreak spread primarily from the west to the east.
What was one result of the travels of Marco Polo?
Africa remained isolated.
Ottoman power decreased.
Colonies were established in Japan.
Interest in Asian cultures increased.
His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal.
His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa.
His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon.
His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.
Cast bronze statues
Created a system of terrace farming
Invented a foot stirrup
Developed chariots
Which conclusion is most valid concerning the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
International cooperation led to the settlement of border disputes.
Transition from a command to a free-market economy was difficult.
Political independence led to trade barriers.
Tariffs resulted in increased trade.
Meiji Restoration
Opium Wars
Berlin Conference
Boer War
The term Green Revolution refers to
an overthrow of the government by radical parties
increased agricultural production based on technological advancements
a drastic change in the environment based on global warming
decreased food production caused by terrorism
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
For years, the Sahara was an obstacle for Europeans while Africans used the desert as a highway. Which conclusion is supported by this statement?
Trade between Africa and Europe decreased.
African empires generally avoided contact with Europeans.
Desertification reduced the amount of arable land available to Africans and Europeans.
Initially, Europeans lacked the knowledge and skills needed to travel in the desert.
The term iron curtain refers to the
scars left on the land by the trenches of World War I
no-fly zone in northern Iraq after the Persian Gulf War
border established between India and Pakistan after World War II
western boundary of Soviet domination in Europe during the Cold War
Asia
Europe
North America
Africa
river valleys
steppes
mountains
tundra
immigration
diffusion
globalization
nationalization
Which geographic factor directly influenced the early interactions between China and Korea?
location
monsoons
arid climate
tropical savannas
One way in which 14th-century Mali in Africa and 14th-century Venice in Italy are similar is that both
were land-locked city-states
developed economies based primarily on agriculture
became wealthy and powerful as a result of trade
were centers for Islamic learning
Mesoamerican Cultural Areas
South American Urban Areas
Creation of the Spanish Viceroyalties
Outposts of the Inca Empire
A major impact of the Columbian exchange on western Europe was the introduction of
Christianity that led to the rise of the Catholic Church
new food crops that improved the European diet
new military technology that weakened local rulers
diseases that drastically reduced the population of Europe
Some developing countries rely on a single cash crop such as cotton or sugar cane. The origin of this practice can often be traced to the
introduction of communism
establishment of democratic governments
colonization of the region
movements to gain independence
After World War II, the boundaries of newly independent African countries were most often based on
existing ethnic settlement patterns
divisions imposed under European imperialism
mandates created under the United Nations
locations of oil resources
inability of Nazi forces to defeat the Soviet Union
success of Allied troops after D-day
efforts by Allied troops to control Berlin
casualties suffered by the Soviet Union
Which group of countries became Soviet satellites after World War II?
France, Spain, Great Britain
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary
Switzerland, Austria, Belgium
Turkey, Greece, Italy
The destruction of the rain forests in Latin America is primarily due to the
diseases carried by insects
wildfires occurring during dry seasons
devastation caused by high winds during the tropical storm season
demand for timber, farmland, and grazing land
Holy Roman
Russian
Ottoman
Austro-Hungarian
One motive for Japanese expansion between 1905 and 1941 was to
end reparation payments
create a buffer zone
spread Buddhism
obtain natural resources
Gold and Petroleum Trade Routes
Sources and Destinations of Enslaved Africans
Obstacles to Colonization of the Western Hemisphere
Origin and Spread of Nationalist Revolutions
A geographic similarity between Italy and India is that both of these countries are located
on peninsulas
on archipelagos
between two oceans
south of the equator
The Indus and Huang He (Yellow) rivers are both closely associated with
border disputes
sacred biblical sites
cradles of early civilization
oil discoveries
Which geographic factor has often made Korea a key region for those seeking to control East Asia?
long coastline
location
mountains
climate
The trip extended beyond North African trade routes.
Mansa Musa used the Mediterranean Sea to reach Mecca.
The route primarily followed major rivers.
Mansa Musa traveled to Fez on his way to Mecca.
Timbuktu was a center of trade in West Africa.
The Sahara Desert prevented trade.
Cairo and Mecca were trading partners.
West African gold and salt were traded along the Zaire River.
establishment of the line of Demarcation
creation of the Hanseatic League
Columbian exchange
Glorious Revolution
Many critics believe that the policy of the British government during the Irish Famine
contributed to food shortages
ignored military concerns
discouraged emigration
led directly to civil war
Joseph Stalin’s policies in Ukraine during the 1930s directly resulted in
widespread starvation
agricultural self-sufficiency
the development of cottage industries
the use of subsistence farming techniques
Egypt
Iraq
Sudan
Bangladesh
Persian Gulf War
Scramble for Africa
conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
collapse of the Ottoman Empire
The establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and the establishment of Portuguese as the official language of Brazil indicates that European colonizers
influenced the culture of regions under their control
respected the governments of the indigenous peoples
promoted Protestant religions over native religions
studied local traditions before implementing policies
Economic growth may be slowed by the epidemic.
Wages for workers will probably decline.
Diversification will promote economic growth.
The United Nations will probably reduce support for economic development.
As a result of discrimination during the 19th century, where were many Jews in eastern Europe forced to live?
on collective farms
in fortified villages
in urban ghettos
in industrial areas
social mobility
globalization
cultural diffusion
isolation
Geographic Features of Japan
Environmental Challenges in Mongolia
Economic Issues Facing Saudi Arabia
Factors Affecting British Industrialization
The Middle East was the birthplace of these belief systems.
Water plays an important role in these belief systems.
Pilgrimages to mountainous regions are encouraged by these belief systems.
Understanding nature is a requirement of these belief systems.
Korea has frequently served as a cultural bridge between
Cambodia and Vietnam
Russia and India
Thailand and Indonesia
China and Japan
The Gauls dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea.
Rome was the capital of the entire western region.
The eastern region was unified under the Byzantine Empire.
The division between eastern and western Rome followed natural boundaries.
Most urbanization occurred in the Southern Hemisphere.
Most urbanization is associated with a tropical climate.
Most urban areas were located in Europe.
Most urban areas developed near waterways.
Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre-Columbian South America?
trade agreements
geographic features
imported religious ideas
peasant revolts
rejected technology
were a peaceful people
were urbanized
contributed to cultural diffusion
One reason the Suez Canal has been of strategic importance to countries other than Egypt was that the canal
allowed for faster movement between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean
enabled Europeans to explore the Western Hemisphere
made it easier for Russia to gain control of Afghanistan
provided the Austro-Hungarian Empire with access to its colonies in South Asia
Much of which area of the world came under European colonial control in the 19th century?
Japan
Southwest Asia
Africa
Latin America
Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 and Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939 led directly to
the beginning of World War II in Asia and Europe
a meeting at Yalta between the United States and the Soviet Union
a conference at Munich for European leaders
the withdrawal of Britain and France from European affairs
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially formed to
promote religious freedom
defend Western Europe from Soviet aggression
isolate member nations from the rest of the world
stop the flow of immigration between member nations
inflation
embargo
boycott of goods
scarcity of resources
One way in which the Aswan Dam in Egypt and the Three Gorges Dam in China are similar is that both
convert salt water to freshwater
harness natural forces to produce energy
provide fertilizers for agricultural production
connect small bodies of water to larger bodies of water
One way in which the travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta are similar is that each
started mass migrations from Europe
stimulated interest in other cultures
led to the establishment of colonies
resulted in archaeological discoveries in Africa
The combined usage of the caravel, compass, and astrolabe in the late 1400s helped bring about the
migration of the Bantu
exploration of the Americas
introduction of Buddhism to East Asia
voyages of Zheng He
The term monsoons can be defined as
seasonal winds
sand deposits
ocean currents
mountain avalanches
Which geographic feature served as a barrier that protected ancient China and was used as an invasion route by the Aryans into ancient India?
deserts
rivers
mountains
plateaus
Examples of Early Technology
Results of Cultural Diversity
Characteristics of Civilizations
Causes for the Neolithic Revolution
Coastal ports dominated the canal system.
Troops could easily be moved west of Luoyang on the canals.
Grain could be shipped between Hangzhou and Beijing by the canal.
The canal system prevented invaders from conquering the dynasties.
Which river was essential to the survival of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai?
Thames
Niger
Indus
Euphrates
Which geographic factor contributed to the rise of the Renaissance in Italian city-states?
mountainous terrain of the Alps
location near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
navigable waters of the Danube River
ease of travel on the Northern European Plain
The use of the terms Encounter and Columbian exchange represents attempts to describe the
nature of cultural interactions
establishment of land grants
results of scientific innovations
origins of divine right theory
The Middle Passage is best defined as
a route through the Swiss Alps
a narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water
the forced journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas
the expulsion of Muslims from Spain
Japan’s policy of expansion in the early 20th century was motivated by
a lack of natural resources
a plan to end unequal treaties
the need to increase cultural diffusion
the desire to spread communism
Theocratic governments dominated the Middle East.
The governments of Southwest Asia were in transition.
Many different types of government existed in the Middle East.
Military dictatorships were replaced by republics in northern Africa.
The “one child” policy in China, established during the late 1970s, was an attempt to
gain the support of the upper classes
increase tax revenue for government programs
eliminate Western influence
reduce the population growth rate
global warming
acid rain
urbanization
desertification
the Soviet Union and China
North Korea and Great Britain
China and Great Britain
the Soviet Union and North Korea
Which policy is most directly associated with the terms spheres of influence, extraterritoriality, and protectorate?
collectivization
containment
isolationism
imperialism
The invasions of Russia by France in 1812 and by Germany in World War II were unsuccessful in part because of the
Russian alliances with China
harsh climatic conditions in Russia
inexperience of French and German military leaders
failure of France and Germany to develop modern weapons
Causes for Military Conflict in History
Unsuccessful Military Expeditions in History
The Role of Geography in Military History
Technological Advances in Military History
Why is Southeast Asia considered a crossroads?
Large deposits of oil are available.
A number of trade routes intersect.
A single culture is dominant.
Rivers serve as highways.
Which name identifies the region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
Cape of Good Hope
Sinai Peninsula
Mesopotamia
Horn of Africa
Which geographic feature most directly influenced the development of Greek city-states?
deserts
mountainous terrain
vast plains
monsoons
Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta are best known for
exploring the Western Hemisphere
leading religious movements
opening trade between Africa and Japan
providing extensive information about lands and people
invading armies
nomadic peoples
merchants
explorers
The Ottomans were a strong trading empire through the mid-1600s because they
controlled access to the eastern Mediterranean Sea
had the most powerful navy in the world
dominated West African caravan routes
conquered most of Asia
Which statement accurately reflects population changes that occurred as a result of the Age of Exploration?
Most Latin American populations became more culturally diverse.
One third of Europe’s population died due to exposure to diseases from the Americas.
The introduction of goods from the Americas caused a decline in Asian populations.
Native Americans migrated to Africa causing increases in African populations.
Spain
Austria
France
Russia
What is one reason for Japan’s involvement in the first Sino-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea?
pursuit of imperialistic goals
reaction to foreign invasions
institution of five-year plans
need for a warm-water port
A
B
C
D
During World War II, the importance of the D-Day invasion of 1944 was that it
forced Germany to fight on multiple fronts
made Germany move their military to the Russian front
ended the bombing of Germany
demonstrated German military dominance
Latin America
Central Africa
Southeast Asia
Eastern Europe
Which region is most closely associated with conflict in the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula?
East Africa
Middle East
Western Europe
Central Asia
Ireland
Japan
Venezuela
Greece
Poland is less globalized than Bangladesh.
Switzerland is more globalized than Thailand.
Brazilians tend to live longer than Canadians.
Pakistanis tend to have shorter lives than Ugandans.
In what way did the rivers of Russia influence its history?
They provided a network for trade between the Byzantine Empire and Russia.
They allowed Japan to defeat Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.
They were used by Napoleon to invade Russia.
They gave the Mongols a route to conquer Russia.
Which region is most closely associated with the event with which it is paired?
Central Africa—calling for the Crusades by Pope Urban II
East Asia—issuing of the Balfour Declaration
South America—Munich Conference
Eastern Europe—Berlin Airlift
religion and government
ironworking and trans-Saharan trade
humans and environment
monsoons and flooding
nationalization
cultural diffusion
urbanization
social stratification
Knowing the latitude of a location would be most helpful in determining
language
temperature
population
time
Mesopotamian civilizations
Pax Romana
Tang dynasty
Byzantine Empire
Both Ibn Battuta and Mansa Musa demonstrated their religious values by
meditating along the banks of the Ganges River
converting Africans to Christianity
making a pilgrimage to Mecca
visiting the wailing wall in Jerusalem
Which action is linked to the spread of the Black Death to Europe during the 14th century?
trade with Asia
conquest of Japan
trade across the Sahara
exploration of the Western Hemisphere
Roman
Ottoman
Mongol
Songhai
What was one effect of the Columbian exchange on European society?
Migration to the Americas declined.
Horses were acquired for the first time.
The population increased with the introduction of new foods.
The Christian Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Orthodox.
Which geographic condition contributed to the defeat of Napoleon’s troops during the invasion of Russia?
drought
typhoons
severe flooding
harsh winter
The Rhineland was occupied by France.
The Sudetenland was given to Germany.
Germany transferred control of Memel to Lithuania.
Austria became an independent state.
Which pair of countries that gained independence in the 20th century experienced the migration of millions of people across their shared borders due to religious tensions?
Czech Republic and Slovakia
Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
Egypt and Libya
India and Pakistan
Petroleum is being overproduced.
The demand for petroleum exceeds production.
Fossil fuels are unevenly distributed.
The demands of global environmental groups have increased.
The desire of the Kurds and of the Palestinians for independent states is based on the principle of
free trade
nationalism
collective security
modernization
The southern edge of the Sahara is expanding in a process called
annexation
conservation
desertification
desalination
Transportation in the 1800s was revolutionized by the development of the
caravel
astrolabe
airplane
steam engine
The imaginary line that divided the Western European countries from the Eastern European countries after World War II was known as the
prime meridian
line of demarcation
Iron Curtain
Berlin Wall
Use of terracing is an example of a society’s reaction to
religious beliefs
social stratification
geographic conditions
political situations
Which geographic feature has helped isolate China?
Andes Mountains
Kalahari Desert
Himalaya Mountains
Great Rift Valley
The development of which early civilization was influenced most directly by the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Syrian Desert?
Chinese
Maya
Egyptian
Mesopotamian
Which geographic factor affected the development of the Gupta Empire?
volcanoes
permafrost
monsoons
island location
Which statement about the Sahara is most closely associated with the West African civilizations of Ghana and Mali?
Irrigation systems made it possible to farm in the Sahara.
Salt mined in the Sahara was exchanged for gold.
Oases in the Sahara served as their capital cities.
The Sahara prevented the spread of Islam to the region.
One reason the Renaissance began in Italy was that Italian city-states
defeated the Spanish Armada
were unified as a nation under the Pope
were unaffected by the Commercial Revolution
dominated key Mediterranean trade routes
One way the Incas adapted their environment was by
building a network of roads through the mountains
growing rice as a major agricultural product
establishing an encomienda system
creating floating gardens
development of trade routes in North Africa
expansion of African kingdoms involved in the slave trade
forced migration of African peoples from their homeland
dependence by Africans on imports for economic development
Germany
Italy
Great Britain
Japan
In the 1950s, what was the status of most countries in Eastern Europe?
members of the Common Market
participants in the Marshall Plan
allies of the United States
satellites of the Soviet Union
Large numbers of people migrated.
Nuclear weapons were developed.
Communist governments were established.
Ethnic tensions decreased.
In Africa, a key factor that has led to desertification is the
loss of animal species
burning of fossil fuels
disposal of toxic waste
overgrazing of livestock
The lack of energy resources in Iran has led to the importation of uranium.
A drop in oil production has led to an increased dependence on uranium in Iran.
It is questionable whether Iran needs uranium to produce energy.
Frequent oil spills in Iran have resulted in its use of uranium-based fuels.
Which movement of African people was primarily caused by changes in climate and vegetation?
migration of the Bantu people out of West Africa in 1000 B.C.
journey of Mansa Musa’s followers to Mecca in 1324
resettlement of the Zulus within South Africa in 1843
flight of the Tutsis from Rwanda in 1994
Which situation was a result of the 1884 Berlin Conference?
Africa was divided without regard to ethnic groups.
Monarchies were restored throughout Europe.
The slave trade with South America was eliminated.
The League of Nations was formed.
Disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, creation of new nation-states in central Europe, and Germany’s loss of colonies were all consequences of
